A variable is a named storage for data that can change during program execution.
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Use the 'let' keyword to declare a constant.
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'var' declares a variable, while 'let' declares a constant.
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Use the 'func' keyword followed by the function name and parameters.
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An optional is a type that can hold a value or 'nil'.
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Use 'if let' or 'guard let' to safely unwrap an optional.
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Swift can automatically determine the type of a variable or constant.
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Use square brackets to define an array, e.g., [1, 2, 3].
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A tuple groups multiple values into a single compound value.
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Use 'do-catch' blocks to handle errors.
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Closures are self-contained blocks of functionality that can be passed around and used in your code.
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Classes are reference types, while structs are value types.
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Use the 'protocol' keyword to define a protocol and adopt it in a class, struct, or enum.
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The 'lazy' keyword is used to delay the initialization of a property until it is accessed.
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Define multiple methods with the same name but different parameter types or counts.
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'weak' references can become nil, while 'unowned' references cannot.
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Generics allow you to write flexible and reusable code by defining placeholders for types.
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The 'defer' statement is used to execute code just before the current scope exits.
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Define an 'init' method in your class or struct.
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'map' transforms elements, 'filter' selects elements, and 'reduce' combines elements.
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Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) to manage memory.
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A computed property calculates its value rather than storing it directly.
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Use the 'subscript' keyword to define a subscript for accessing elements in a collection.
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They allow you to observe and respond to changes in a property's value.
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Use the 'extension' keyword to add functionality to an existing type.
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It defines a placeholder type to be specified when the protocol is adopted.
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Return 'self' from methods to allow chaining calls.
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'Escaping' closures can outlive the function scope, while 'non-escaping' cannot.
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Use the 'operator' keyword to define a custom operator.
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It enables Objective-C dynamic dispatch for properties or methods.
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Pass dependencies through initializers or properties.
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'Convenience' initializers are secondary, while 'required' ensures subclass implementation.
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Use GCD (Grand Central Dispatch) or locks to manage concurrent access.
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It automatically wraps an expression in a closure.
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Use the 'observe' method or '@objc dynamic' properties.
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'Any' represents any type, while 'AnyObject' represents any class type.
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Use a static constant within a class to create a shared instance.
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It represents success or failure of an operation with associated values.
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Define a struct or class with '@propertyWrapper' to add custom behavior to properties.
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'is' checks type compatibility, while 'as' performs type casting.
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It indicates that a closure can outlive the function it was passed to.
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Structs are value types, while classes are reference types.
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It prevents subclassing or method overriding.
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'override' is used to indicate method overriding, while 'override func' specifies the method being overridden.
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It exposes Swift code to Objective-C runtime.
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'public' is accessible everywhere, 'private' is accessible within the same file, and 'fileprivate' is accessible within the same file but outside the class.
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It defines type-level properties or methods.
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'static' is used for value types, while 'class' is used for reference types.
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'weak' references do not increase the reference count, while 'strong' references do.
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'throw' is used to throw an error, while 'throws' indicates that a function can throw an error.
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